Common Degradation Pathways Triggered by Freeze-Thaw Stress
Common Degradation Pathways Triggered by Freeze-Thaw Stress Common Degradation Pathways Triggered by Freeze-Thaw Stress in Pharmaceutical Products Freeze-thaw cycles are one of the most aggressive stress conditions that pharmaceutical products can encounter, especially in biologics, injectables, and emulsified formulations. Repeated freezing and thawing can initiate complex degradation pathways that compromise drug quality, efficacy, and safety….
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